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  1. <html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>Npcap Reference Guide</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><meta name="description" content="A manual and guide to Npcap, a packet capture and network analysis framework for Windows, for users and software developers. Npcap is a modern, safe, and compatible update to WinPcap."><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Npcap Reference Guide"><link rel="next" href="npcap-users-guide.html" title="Npcap Users' Guide"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Npcap Reference Guide</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="npcap-users-guide.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="article"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="npcap"></a>Npcap Reference Guide</h2></div><div><div class="abstract"><p class="title"><b>Abstract</b></p>
    2. 

  2.     <p>A manual and guide to Npcap, a packet capture and network analysis framework for Windows, for users and
    3. 

  3.       software developers. Npcap is a modern, safe, and compatible update to WinPcap.</p>
    4. 

  4.   </div></div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index.html#npcap-intro">Introduction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="index.html#npcap-description">What is Npcap?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="index.html#npcap-features">Npcap Features</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="index.html#id569486">Purpose of this manual</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="index.html#id569495">Terminology</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="index.html#npcap-license">Npcap License</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="index.html#npcap-download">Obtaining Npcap</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="index.html#npcap-guide-copyright">Acknowledgements and copyright</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="npcap-users-guide.html">Npcap Users' Guide</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-users-guide.html#npcap-installation">Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-users-guide.html#npcap-platforms">Windows platforms supported</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-users-guide.html#npcap-feature-dot11-wireshark">How to use Wireshark to capture raw 802.11 traffic in <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Monitor Mode</span>&#8221;</span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-users-guide.html#npcap-qa">Q &amp; A</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-users-guide.html#npcap-issues">Reporting Bugs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="npcap-devguide.html">Developing software with Npcap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-devguide.html#npcap-development">Using the Npcap SDK</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-devguide.html#npcap-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-devguide.html#npcap-devguide-updating">Updating WinPcap software to Npcap</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-devguide.html#npcap-detect">How to detect what version Npcap/WinPcap you are using?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-devguide.html#npcap-feature-native">For software that want to use Npcap first when Npcap and WinPcap coexist</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-devguide.html#npcap-feature-loopback">For software that uses Npcap loopback feature</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-devguide.html#npcap-feature-dot11">For software that uses Npcap raw 802.11 feature</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="npcap-api.html">The Npcap API</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-api.html#npcap-api-extensions">Extensions to libpcap for Windows</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="npcap-tutorial.html">Npcap Development Tutorial</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-tutorial.html#npcap-tutorial-devlist">Obtaining the device list</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-tutorial.html#npcap-tutorial-devdetails">Obtaining advanced information about installed devices</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-tutorial.html#npcap-tutorial-openadapter">Opening an adapter and capturing the packets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-tutorial.html#npcap-tutorial-pcap-next-ex">Capturing the packets without the callback</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-tutorial.html#npcap-tutorial-filtering">Filtering the traffic</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-tutorial.html#npcap-tutorial-interpreting">Interpreting the packets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-tutorial.html#npcap-tutorial-offline">Handling offline dump files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-tutorial.html#npcap-tutorial-sending">Sending Packets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-tutorial.html#npcap-tutorial-statistics">Gathering Statistics on the network traffic</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="npcap-internals.html">Npcap internals</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-internals.html#npcap-structure">Npcap structure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-internals.html#npcap-internals-driver">Npcap driver internals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="npcap-internals.html#npcap-internals-references">Further reading</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div>
    5. 

  5. 

  6. 

  7. <div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="npcap-intro"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
    8. 

  8.   
    9. 

  9. 

  10.   <p>This Manual describes the programming interface and the source code of
    11. 

  11.     Npcap. It provides detailed descriptions of the functions and structures
    12. 

  12.     exported to programmers, along with complete documentation of the Npcap
    13. 

  13.     internals. Several tutorials and examples are provided as well.</p>
    14. 

  14. 

  15.   <div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="npcap-description"></a>What is Npcap?</h3></div></div></div>
    16. 

  16.     
    17. 

  17. 

  18.     <p>Npcap is an architecture for packet capture and network analysis for
    19. 

  19.       Windows operating systems, consisting of a software library and a network
    20. 

  20.       driver.</p>
    21. 

  21. 

  22.     <p>Most networking applications access the network through widely-used
    23. 

  23.       operating system primitives such as sockets. It is easy to access data on
    24. 

  24.       the network with this approach since the operating system copes with the
    25. 

  25.       low level details (protocol handling, packet reassembly, etc.) and
    26. 

  26.       provides a familiar interface that is similar to the one used to read and
    27. 

  27.       write files.</p>
    28. 

  28. 

  29.     <p>Sometimes, however, the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">easy way</span>&#8221;</span> is not up to the task,
    30. 

  30.       since some applications require direct access to packets on the network.
    31. 

  31.       That is, they need access to the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">raw</span>&#8221;</span> data on the network
    32. 

  32.       without the interposition of protocol processing by the operating
    33. 

  33.       system.</p>
    34. 

  34. 

  35.     <p>The purpose of Npcap is to give this kind of access to Windows
    36. 

  36.       applications. It provides facilities to:</p>
    37. 

  37. 

  38.     <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem">capture raw packets, both the ones destined to the machine where
    39. 

  39.         it's running and the ones exchanged by other hosts (on shared media)</li><li class="listitem">filter the packets according to user-specified rules before
    40. 

  40.         dispatching them to the application</li><li class="listitem">transmit raw packets to the network</li><li class="listitem">gather statistical information on the network traffic</li></ul></div>
    41. 

  41. 

  42.     <p>This set of capabilities is obtained by means of a device driver,
    43. 

  43.       which is installed inside the networking portion of the Windows kernel,
    44. 

  44.       plus a couple of DLLs.</p>
    45. 

  45. 

  46.     <p>All of these features are exported through a powerful programming
    47. 

  47.       interface, easily usable by applications. The main goal of this manual is
    48. 

  48.       to document this interface, with the help of several examples.</p>
    49. 

  49. 

  50.     <div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id569230"></a>What kind of programs use Npcap?</h4></div></div></div>
    51. 

  51.       
    52. 

  52. 

  53.       <p>The Npcap programming interface can be used by many types of
    54. 

  54.         network tools for analysis, troubleshooting, security and monitoring.
    55. 

  55.         In particular, classical tools that rely on Npcap are:</p>
    56. 

  56. 

  57.       <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem">network and protocol analyzers</li><li class="listitem">network monitors</li><li class="listitem">traffic loggers</li><li class="listitem">traffic generators</li><li class="listitem">user-level bridges and routers</li><li class="listitem">network intrusion detection systems (NIDS)</li><li class="listitem">network scanners</li><li class="listitem">security tools</li></ul></div>
    58. 

  58.     </div>
    59. 

  59. 

  60.     <div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id569306"></a>What Npcap can't do</h4></div></div></div>
    61. 

  61.       
    62. 

  62. 

  63.       <p>Npcap receives and sends the packets independently from the host
    64. 

  64.         protocols, like TCP/IP. This means that it isn't able to block, filter or
    65. 

  65.         manipulate the traffic generated by other programs on the same machine: it 
    66. 

  66.         simply <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">sniffs</span>&#8221;</span> the packets that transit on the wire. Therefore, it does not 
    67. 

  67.         provide the appropriate support for applications like traffic shapers, QoS 
    68. 

  68.         schedulers and personal firewalls. </p>
    69. 

  69.     </div>
    70. 

  70. 

  71.   </div>
    72. 

  72. 

  73.   <div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="npcap-features"></a>Npcap Features</h3></div></div></div>
    74. 

  74.     
    75. 

  75. 

  76.       <p>Npcap has many exciting features that set it above other packet capture solutions:</p>
    77. 

  77. 

  78.       <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Built for modern Windows</em></span>: Npcap is written for Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8, and Windows 7. Using up-to-date NDIS versions, it allows you to capture traffic without slowing down the network stack. Npcap is implemented as a NDIS 6 Lightweight Filter driver, faster and with less overhead
    79. 

  79. 	    than the legacy <a class="ulink" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/hardware/network/ff557149(v=vs.85)" target="_top">NDIS 5 Protocol Driver</a>
    80. 

  80.             used by WinPcap.
    81. 

  81.         </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>WinPcap compatibility</em></span>: Npcap is a
    82. 

  82. 	    drop-in replacement for <a class="ulink" href="https://www.winpcap.org/" target="_top">WinPcap</a>
    83. 

  83. 	    in most applications. 
    84. 

  84.         </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Updated cross-platform libpcap API</em></span>:
    85. 

  85. 	    The libpcap API allows cross-platform packet capture applications
    86. 

  86. 	    to target Linux, Windows, macOS, BSD, Solaris and others. Npcap includes
    87. 

  87.             the latest version of <a class="ulink" href="https://tcpdump.org" target="_top">libpcap</a>,
    88. 

  88. 	    providing the best solution for compatibility, performance, functionality, and security.
    89. 

  89.             </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Loopback packet capture and injection</em></span>: Npcap is able to
    90. 

  90.             see Windows loopback packets using the
    91. 

  91.             <a class="ulink" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366510(v=vs.85).aspx" target="_top">
    92. 

  92.               Windows Filtering Platform (WFP)</a>. Npcap supplies an
    93. 

  93.             interface named <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">NPF_Loopback</span>&#8221;</span>, with the description <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Adapter for loopback capture.</span>&#8221;</span>
    94. 

  94.             Wireshark users can choose this adapter to capture all loopback traffic the same way as other
    95. 

  95. 	    non-loopback adapters.
    96. 

  96. 	    Packet injection works as well with <code class="function">pcap_inject()</code>.
    97. 

  97.             </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Raw 802.11 Packet Capture Support</em></span>: Npcap is able to see
    98. 

  98.             <span class="emphasis"><em>802.11</em></span> frames instead of <span class="emphasis"><em>emulated Ethernet</em></span> frames on ordinary wireless
    99. 

  99.             adapters. You need to select the <code class="option">Support raw 802.11 traffic (and monitor
    100. 

  100.               mode) for wireless adapters</code> option in the installation wizard to enable
    101. 

  101.             this feature. When your adapter is in <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Monitor Mode</span>&#8221;</span>, Npcap will supply all
    102. 

  102. 	    <span class="emphasis"><em>802.11 data + control + management</em></span> packets with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.radiotap.org/" target="_top">Radiotap</a> headers. When
    103. 

  103.             your adapter is in <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Managed Mode</span>&#8221;</span>, Npcap will only supply <span class="emphasis"><em>Ethernet</em></span>
    104. 

  104.             packets. Npcap directly supports using Wireshark to capture in <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Monitor Mode</span>&#8221;</span>.
    105. 

  105.             Npcap also provides the <code class="filename">WlanHelper.exe</code>
    106. 

  106.             tool to manually configure WiFi PHY parameters. See more details
    107. 

  107.             about this feature in <a class="xref" href="npcap-devguide.html#npcap-feature-dot11" title="For software that uses Npcap raw 802.11 feature">the section called &#8220;For software that uses Npcap raw 802.11 feature&#8221;</a>.
    108. 

  108.             </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em><span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Admin-only Mode</span>&#8221;</span> Support</em></span>: Npcap supports restricting its
    109. 

  109.             use to Administrators for safety purpose. If Npcap is installed with
    110. 

  110.             the option <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Restrict Npcap driver's access to Administrators only</span>&#8221;</span> checked,
    111. 

  111.             only Built-in Administrators may access its features via user software (Nmap, Wireshark, etc).
    112. 

  112. 	    This provides a level of restriction similar to requiring root access for packet capture on Linux/UNIX.</p></li></ul></div>
    113. 

  113.   </div>
    114. 

  114. 

  115.   <div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id569486"></a>Purpose of this manual</h3></div></div></div>
    116. 

  116.     
    117. 

  117. 

  118.     <p>The purpose of this manual is to provide a comprehensive and easy way
    119. 

  119.       to browse the documentation of the Npcap architecture. You will find
    120. 

  120.       three main sections:</p>
    121. 

  121. 

  122.     <p><a class="xref" href="npcap-users-guide.html" title="Npcap Users' Guide">the section called &#8220;Npcap Users' Guide&#8221;</a> is for end users of Npcap, and
    123. 

  123.       primarily concerns installation options, hardware compatibility, and bug
    124. 

  124.       reporting procedures.</p>
    125. 

  125. 

  126.     <p><a class="xref" href="npcap-devguide.html" title="Developing software with Npcap">the section called &#8220;Developing software with Npcap&#8221;</a> is for programmers who need to use
    127. 

  127.       Npcap from an application: it contains information about functions and
    128. 

  128.       data structures exported by the Npcap API, a manual for writing packet
    129. 

  129.       filters, and information on how to include it in an application. A
    130. 

  130.       tutorial with several code samples is provided as well; it can be used to
    131. 

  131.       learn the basics of the Npcap API using a step-by-step approach, but it
    132. 

  132.       also offers code snippets that demonstrate advanced features.</p>
    133. 

  133. 

  134.     <p><a class="xref" href="npcap-internals.html" title="Npcap internals">the section called &#8220;Npcap internals&#8221;</a> is intended for Npcap developers
    135. 

  135.       and maintainers, or for people who are curious about how this system
    136. 

  136.       works: it provides a general description of the Npcap architecture and
    137. 

  137.       explains how it works. Additionally, it documents the complete device
    138. 

  138.       driver structure, the source code, the Packet.dll interface and the
    139. 

  139.       low-level Npcap API. If you want to understand what happens inside Npcap
    140. 

  140.       or if you need to extend it, this is the section you will want to
    141. 

  141.       read.</p>
    142. 

  142.   </div>
    143. 

  143. 

  144.   <div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id569495"></a>Terminology</h3></div></div></div>
    145. 

  145.     
    146. 

  146. 

  147.     <p>We call Npcap an <em class="wordasword">architecture</em> rather than
    148. 

  148.       <em class="wordasword">library</em> because packet capture is a low level
    149. 

  149.       mechanism that requires a strict interaction with the network adapter and
    150. 

  150.       with the operating system, in particular with its networking
    151. 

  151.       implementation, so a simple library is not sufficient.</p>
    152. 

  152. 

  153.     <p>For consistency with the literature, we will use the term
    154. 

  154.       <em class="wordasword">packet</em> even though
    155. 

  155.       <em class="wordasword">frame</em> is more accurate since the capture process
    156. 

  156.       is done at the data-link layer and the data-link header is included in
    157. 

  157.       the captured data.</p>
    158. 

  158. 

  159.   </div>
    160. 

  160. 

  161.   <div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="npcap-license"></a>Npcap License</h3></div></div></div>
    162. 

  162.     
    163. 

  163. 

  164.     <p>Even though Npcap source code is publicly available for review, it is
    165. 

  165.       not open source software and may not be redistributed without special 
    166. 

  166.       permission from the Nmap Project. The
    167. 

  167.       <a class="ulink" href="https://github.com/nmap/npcap/blob/master/LICENSE" target="_top">Npcap
    168. 

  168.       Free License</a>
    169. 

  169.       allows end users to download, install, and use up to 5 copies of
    170. 

  170.       Npcap from our site for
    171. 

  171.       free. Copies which are only used with <a class="ulink" href="https://nmap.org" target="_top">Nmap</a>, <a class="ulink" href="https://www.wireshark.org" target="_top">Wireshark</a>, and/or
    172. 

  172.       <a class="ulink" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/identity-defender" target="_top">Microsoft
    173. 

  173.       Defender for Identity</a> don't count toward this 5-install
    174. 

  174.       limit.
    175. 

  175.     </p>
    176. 

  176. 

  177. 

  178.     <p>We fund the Npcap project by selling the Npcap OEM
    179. 

  179.     Edition. This special version of Npcap includes enterprise
    180. 

  180.     features such as the silent installer and commercial support as
    181. 

  181.     well as special license rights allowing customers to redistribute
    182. 

  182.     Npcap with their products or to install it on more systems within
    183. 

  183.     their organization with easy enterprise deployment. We offer two
    184. 

  184.     commercial license types:</p>
    185. 

  185. 

  186.     <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem">
    187. 

  187. 	<p>The <a class="ulink" href="https://npcap.com/oem/redist.html" target="_top">Npcap OEM
    188. 

  188. 	Redistribution License</a> is for companies that wish to
    189. 

  189. 	distribute Npcap OEM within their products (the free Npcap
    190. 

  190. 	edition does not allow this). Licensees generally use the
    191. 

  191. 	Npcap OEM silent installer, ensuring a seamless experience for
    192. 

  192. 	end users. Licensees may choose between a perpetual unlimited
    193. 

  193. 	license or an annual term license, along with options for
    194. 

  194. 	commercial support and updates.</p>
    195. 

  195.       </li><li class="listitem">
    196. 

  196. 	<p>The <a class="ulink" href="https://npcap.com/oem/internal.html" target="_top">Npcap OEM
    197. 

  197. 	Internal-Use License</a> is for organizations that wish to
    198. 

  198. 	use Npcap OEM internally without redistribution outside their
    199. 

  199. 	organization. This allows them to bypass the 5-system usage
    200. 

  200. 	cap of the Npcap free edition. It includes commercial support
    201. 

  201. 	and update options, and provides the extra Npcap OEM features
    202. 

  202. 	such as the silent installer for enterprise-wide
    203. 

  203. 	deployment.</p>
    204. 

  204.       </li></ul></div>    
    205. 

  205.   </div>
    206. 

  206. 

  207.   <div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="npcap-download"></a>Obtaining Npcap</h3></div></div></div>
    208. 

  208.     
    209. 

  209. 

  210.     <p>The latest Npcap release can always be found
    211. 

  211.       <a class="ulink" href="https://npcap.com/#download" target="_top">on the Npcap
    212. 

  212.         website</a> as an executable installer and as a source code
    213. 

  213.       archive.</p>
    214. 

  214.   </div>
    215. 

  215. 

  216.   <div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="npcap-guide-copyright"></a>Acknowledgements and copyright</h3></div></div></div>
    217. 

  217.     
    218. 

  218. 

  219.     <p>Npcap is an update of <a class="ulink" href="https://www.winpcap.org/" target="_top">WinPcap</a>.
    220. 

  220.       It is developed
    221. 

  221.       by the <a class="ulink" href="https://nmap.org/" target="_top">Nmap Project</a>
    222. 

  222.       as a continuation of the project started by Yang Luo
    223. 

  223.       under <a class="ulink" href="https://www.google-melange.com/gsoc/project/details/google/gsoc2013/hsluoyz/5727390428823552" target="_top">Google Summer of Code 2013</a> and
    224. 

  224.       <a class="ulink" href="https://www.google-melange.com/gsoc/project/details/google/gsoc2015/hsluoyz/5723971634855936" target="_top">2015</a>.
    225. 

  225.       It also received many helpful tests from <a class="ulink" href="https://www.wireshark.org/" target="_top">Wireshark</a>
    226. 

  226.       and <a class="ulink" href="https://www.netscantools.com/" target="_top">NetScanTools</a>.
    227. 

  227.     </p>
    228. 

  228. 

  229.     <p>Portions of this guide were adapted from the WinPcap documentation.
    230. 

  230.       Copyright © 2002-2005 Politecnico di Torino. Copyright ©
    231. 

  231.       2005-2010 CACE Technologies. Copyright © 2010-2013 Riverbed
    232. 

  232.       Technology. Copyright © 2022 Insecure.Com, LLC. All rights
    233. 

  233.       reserved.</p>
    234. 

  234.   </div>
    235. 

  235. </div>
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    250.